Another factor that contributes to gendered behaviour and roles is the greater visibility, importance, and presence of males than females in literature, and in the language that teachers use for communication and instruction. Male-generic pronouns are a special problem in early childhood settings. [39] A recommended method to help gender barriers disappear is specific training for teachers and more education on the topic for parents. Though, an ultimate conclusion by one author notes that young children know, feel, and think gender despite the wishes of adults to make gender disappear in their lives. [36] Middle childhood [ edit ] Holter, Øystein Gullvåg (2003). Can men do it? Men and gender equality: the Nordic experience. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers. ISBN 9789289308458. Connell was educated at Manly and North Sydney High Schools, and has degrees from the University of Melbourne and University of Sydney. She has held academic positions at universities in Australia, including being the founding professor of sociology at Macquarie University 1976–1991.

a b Spector-Mersel, Gabriela (2006). "Never-aging stories: Western hegemonic masculinity scripts". Journal of Gender Studies. 15 (1): 67–82. doi: 10.1080/09589230500486934. S2CID 144963519. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Connell, R. W.; Messerschmidt, James W. (December 2005). Risman, Barbara (ed.). "Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept" (PDF). Gender & Society. SAGE Publications in association with Sociologists for Women in Society. 19 (6): 829–859. doi: 10.1177/0891243205278639. ISSN 1552-3977. JSTOR 7640853. S2CID 5804166. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 May 2016 . Retrieved 28 December 2021.Bufkin, Jana L. (Spring 1999). "Bias crime as gendered behavior". Social Justice. 26 (1): 155–176. JSTOR 29767117. They are often the first group to be separated and massacred, allowing for the killing and exploitation of women and children. For example, on 12 July 1995, more than 8000 Bosnian Muslim men and boys were murdered in and around the town of Srebrenica by Bosnian Serb forces 73. Adam Jones identified two types of genocides: Levant, Ronald F. (1996). "The new psychology of men". Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 27 (3): 259–265. doi: 10.1037/0735-7028.27.3.259. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sourcesin this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2021) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Underwood, S. G. (2003). Gay men and anal eroticism: Tops, bottoms, and versatiles. New York: Harrington..Denborough, David (1996), "Step by step: Developing respectful and effective ways of working with young men to reduce violence", in McLean, Christopher; Carey, Maggie; White, Cheryl (eds.), Men's ways of being, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, pp. 91–116, ISBN 9780813326535 Segal, L. (1994). Straight sex: Rethinking the politics of pleasure. Berkeley: University of California Press. New theory has recognized the layering and potential internal contradictions within all practices that construct masculinities. This is a departure from a unitary masculinity and focus on compromised formations between contradictory desires or emotions. Masculinities are configurations of practice that are constructed, unfold, and change through time. [3] One area of focus may represent that of Western fathers given the gender division of labour in child care, the "long hours culture" of professions and management, and the preoccupation of rich fathers with managing their wealth. [3] While these practices may adhere to conventional Western ideas of hegemonic masculinity, this may not necessarily translate into a satisfying life experience. As gender relations evolve and women's movements grow stronger, the dynamics of masculinities may see a complete abolition of power differentials and a more equitable relationship between men and women and between men and other men. [29] This positive hegemony remains a key strategy for contemporary efforts at reforming gender relations. [27] Groes-Green has argued that Connell's theory of masculinities risks excluding the possibility of more gender equitable or "philogynous" forms of masculinity such as those he has identified in Mozambique. He urges social researchers to begin developing theories and concepts that can improve an understanding of how more positive, alternative and less dominant masculinities may develop even if these are always embedded in local gender power relations. [34] Lifespan development [ edit ] Early childhood [ edit ]

Flood, Michael; Gardiner, Judith Kegan; Pease, Bob; Pringle, Keith, eds. (2007). International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-13-431707-3. Dowsett, G. W. (1993). I’ll show you mine, if you’ll show me yours: Gay men, masculinity research, men’s studies, and sex. Theory and Society, 22(5), 697–709.Kessler, S.; Ashenden, D. J.; Connell, R. W.; Dowsett, G. W. (January 1985). "Gender Relations in Secondary Schooling". Sociology of Education. 58 (1): 34. doi: 10.2307/2112539. JSTOR 2112539. In the late 1980s she developed a social theory of gender relations ("Gender and Power", 1987), which emphasized that gender is a large-scale social structure not just a matter of personal identity. In this text, she proposed that the word "gender" be discussed in terms of three structures (power, production/labor and emotion/sexual relations). In applied fields she has worked on poverty and education, [19] sexuality and AIDS prevention, and labor movement strategy. [20] Connell and Messerschmidt collaborated on a piece, “Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept,” 2005, [21] in response to skepticism that the outcome of her theory creates a fixed typology. [22] In addition to supporting the categorization of her theories, Connell emphasizes the relationship between men and emotions. Connell argues that in today's society, men may be so emotionally disconnected that they are not conscious of their emotional states, such as depression. Many males have learned from their parents, friends, or other peers that they should not show emotion as it can be seen as a weakness. Once these boys become adults, they have developed the ability to suppress their emotional responses, such as crying or even sad facial expressions, to the point where they are really unaware of these emotions and unable to connect with them. One gender cannot be examined in isolation from another and emphasizes that there are disparities among males, even though neither one chooses the Postmodern practice of completely undermining this concept. Connell's writings emphasize the heterogeneous nature of masculinity. In contrast to feminism, masculine politics, according to Connell, cannot be a political movement. Women's marginalized identities frequently undergo positive evaluation on the part of feminists. On the other hand, authors on masculinity are almost always critical of the benefits that come with being a man. Willis, Paul (1977). Learning to Labor: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs. Farnborough, England: Saxon House. OCLC 692250005.

R.W Connell, in her book Masculinities (1995), argues that what is important to a meaningful analysis of gender and masculinity is the “… processes and relationships through which men and women conduct gendered lives. ‘Masculinity’, to the extent the term can be briefly defined at all, is simultaneously a place in gender relations, the practices through which men and women engage that place in gender, and the effects of these practices in bodily experience, personality and culture” 65. Levant, Ronald F.; Wong, Y. Joel (2017). The Psychology of Men and Masculinities. Washington: American Psychological Association. ISBN 978-1-43-382690-0. Addis, Michael E. (September 2008). "Gender and depression in men". Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 15 (3): 153–168. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.556.642. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2008.00125.x.Stephen Crook Memorial Prize, for her work Southern Theory, The Australian Sociological Association (2008) [34] Hegemonic masculinity is neither normative in the numerical sense, as only a small minority of men may enact it, nor in an actual sense, as the cultural ideal of masculinity is often a fantasy figure, such as John Wayne or John Rambo. [11] It also affects the construct and perception of the idealised male body from an exclusively Western perspective. [18] Hegemonic masculinity may not even be the commonest pattern in the everyday lives of men. Rather, hegemony can operate through the formation of exemplars of masculinity, symbols that have cultural authority despite the fact that most men and boys cannot fully live up to them. [3] Hegemonic masculinity imposes an ideal set of traits which stipulate that a man can never be unfeminine enough. Thus, fully achieving hegemonic masculinity becomes an unattainable ideal. Hegemonic masculinity draws some of its historical roots from both the fields of social psychology and sociology which contributed to the literature about the male sex role that had begun to recognize the social nature of masculinity and the possibilities of change in men's conduct. [12] This literature preceded the Women's Liberation Movement and feminist theories of patriarchy which also played a strong role in shaping the concept of hegemonic masculinity. The core concepts of power and difference were found in the gay liberation movement which had not only sought to analyse the oppression of men but also oppression by men. [13] This idea of a hierarchy of masculinities has since persisted and strongly influenced the reformulation of the concept. Carrigan, Tim; Connell, R. W.; Lee, John (September 1985). "Toward a new sociology of masculinity". Theory and Society. 14 (5): 551–604. doi: 10.1007/BF00160017. JSTOR 657315. S2CID 143967899.