A History of Language

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a b c d e Jensen, Richard (December 9, 2020). " "A damn stupid thing to do"—the origins of C". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on March 28, 2022 . Retrieved March 28, 2022. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (March 1988). The C Programming Language (2nded.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-110362-7.

Those who consider language as learned socially, such as Michael Tomasello, consider it developing from the cognitively controlled aspects of primate communication, these being mostly gestural as opposed to vocal. [9] [10] Where vocal precursors are concerned, many continuity theorists envisage language evolving from early human capacities for song. [11] [12] [13] [14] Transcending the continuity-versus-discontinuity divide, some scholars view the emergence of language as the consequence of some kind of social transformation [16] that, by generating unprecedented levels of public trust, liberated a genetic potential for linguistic creativity that had previously lain dormant. [17] [18] [19] "Ritual/speech coevolution theory" exemplifies this approach. [20] [21] Scholars in this intellectual camp point to the fact that even chimpanzees and bonobos have latent symbolic capacities that they rarely—if ever—use in the wild. [22] Objecting to the sudden mutation idea, these authors argue that even if a chance mutation were to install a language organ in an evolving bipedal primate, it would be adaptively useless under all known primate social conditions. A very specific social structure—one capable of upholding unusually high levels of public accountability and trust—must have evolved before or concurrently with language to make reliance on "cheap signals" (words) an evolutionarily stable strategy. Yo-he-ho. The yo-he-ho theory claims language emerged from collective rhythmic labor, the attempt to synchronize muscular effort resulting in sounds such as heave alternating with sounds such as ho. Harbison, Samuel; Steele, Guy Jr. (2002). C: A Reference Manual (5ed.). Pearson. ISBN 978-0130895929. (archive)

Grammaticalisation theorists picture early language as simple, perhaps consisting only of nouns. [137] p.111 Even under that extreme theoretical assumption, however, it is difficult to imagine what would realistically have prevented people from using, say, "spear" as if it were a verb ("Spear that pig!"). People might have used their nouns as verbs or their verbs as nouns as occasion demanded. In short, while a noun-only language might seem theoretically possible, grammaticalisation theory indicates that it cannot have remained fixed in that state for any length of time. [135] [139] Metz, Cade. "Dennis Ritchie: The Shoulders Steve Jobs Stood On". Wired. Archived from the original on April 12, 2022 . Retrieved April 19, 2022. ISO/IEC 9899:201x (ISO C11) Committee Draft" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on December 22, 2017 . Retrieved September 16, 2011.

Unix was one of the first operating system kernels implemented in a language other than assembly. Earlier instances include the Multics system (which was written in PL/I) and Master Control Program (MCP) for the Burroughs B5000 (which was written in ALGOL) in 1961. In around 1977, Ritchie and Stephen C. Johnson made further changes to the language to facilitate portability of the Unix operating system. Johnson's Portable C Compiler served as the basis for several implementations of C on new platforms. [17] K&R C [ edit ] The cover of the book The C Programming Language, first edition, by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie C permits the use and implementation of different memory allocation schemes, including a typical malloc and free; a more sophisticated mechanism with arenas; or a version for an OS kernel that may suit DMA, use within interrupt handlers, or integrated with the virtual memory system.The exact way language evolved is however not considered as vital to the study of languages. Structural linguist Ferdinand de Saussure abandoned evolutionary linguistics after having come to the firm conclusion that it would not be able to provide any further revolutionary insight after the completion of the major works in historical linguistics by the end of the 19th century. Saussure was particularly sceptical of the attempts of August Schleicher and other Darwinian linguists to access prehistorical languages through series of reconstructions of proto-languages. [72] Procedures (subroutines not returning values) are a special case of function, with an empty return type void.

Ritchie, Dennis M. (1993). "The Development of the C Language". The Second ACM SIGPLAN Conference on History of Programming Languages (HOPL-II). ACM. pp.201–208. doi: 10.1145/154766.155580. ISBN 0-89791-570-4 . Retrieved November 4, 2014. Data typing is static, but weakly enforced; all data has a type, but implicit conversions are possible. Further evidence suggests that gesture and language are linked. In humans, manually gesturing has an effect on concurrent vocalizations, thus creating certain natural vocal associations of manual efforts. Chimpanzees move their mouths when performing fine motor tasks. These mechanisms may have played an evolutionary role in enabling the development of intentional vocal communication as a supplement to gestural communication. Voice modulation could have been prompted by preexisting manual actions. [89] The name is based on, and pronounced like the letter C in the English alphabet". the c programming language sound. English Chinese Dictionary. Archived from the original on November 17, 2022 . Retrieved November 17, 2022. At Version 4 Unix, released in November 1973, the Unix kernel was extensively re-implemented in C. [8] By this time, the C language had acquired some powerful features such as struct types.

The theory's name is derived from the two auditory streams, which are both found in the brains of humans and other primates. The auditory ventral stream is responsible for sound recognition, and so it is referred to as the auditory what stream. [117] [118] [119] In primates, the auditory dorsal stream is responsible for sound localization, and thus it is called the auditory where stream. Only in humans (in the left hemisphere), is it also responsible for other processes associated with language use and acquisition, such as speech repetition and production, integration of phonemes with their lip movements, perception and production of intonations, phonological long-term memory (long-term memory storage of the sounds of words), and phonological working memory (the temporary storage of the sounds of words). [120] [121] [122] [123] [124] [125] [126] [127] Some evidence also indicates a role in recognising others by their voices. [128] [129] The emergence of each of these functions in the auditory dorsal stream represents an intermediate stage in the evolution of language.

a b "Verilog HDL (and C)" (PDF). The Research School of Computer Science at the Australian National University. June 3, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 6, 2013 . Retrieved August 19, 2013. 1980s:; Verilog first introduced; Verilog inspired by the C programming language ANSI, like other national standards bodies, no longer develops the C standard independently, but defers to the international C standard, maintained by the working group ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG14. National adoption of an update to the international standard typically occurs within a year of ISO publication.

Platform hardware can be accessed with pointers and type punning, so system-specific features (e.g. Control/Status Registers, I/O registers) can be configured and used with code written in C – it interacts well with the platform it is running on.