In addition to establishing a Union framework for the promotion of energy from renewable sources, this Directive also contributes to the potential positive impact which the Union and the Member States can have in boosting the development of the renewable energy sector in third countries. The Union and the Member States should promote research, development and investment in the production of renewable energy in developing and other partner countries while fully respecting international law, thereby strengthening their environmental and economic sustainability and their export capacity of renewable energy. Abiotic stress is the main factor negatively affecting the development and productivity of plants; sources of stress include drought, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, cold and heat [ 11]. Responses of the cell wall in plants to abiotic stress are complex and vary according to the species and the intensity of the stress. This complicates the identification of response patterns to abiotic stress of the cell wall and of its lignocellulosic components. Although no clear response patterns to abiotic stress have been found for cellulose, it is known that lignin tends to increase in conditions of water scarcity and low temperatures, whereas hemicelluloses tend to increase when water is scarce [ 12]. Chapin S, Matson PA, Vitousek P (2012) Plant carbon budgets. In: Chapin S, Matson PA, Vitousek P (eds) Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology. Springer, New York, pp 157–181 Bioethanol: Le contexte (3) Liquid biofuel blending share targets (EC) • 2005: 2 % • 2010: 5.75 % (9 Mt EtOH) • 2020: 10 % (13 Mt EtOH) (% in energy content) • Roadmap may depend upon States, e.g. France • In USA • 2015 : 15 % EtOH in gasoline  90 Mt EtOH (50% corn = 45 Mt !) • 2030 :30 % EtOH in gasoline 160 Mt EtOH European Council, March 8-9, 2007, conclusions: A minimum ratio of 10% biofuels of the total consumption of gasoline and diesel oil for transportation in EU, this target having to be achieved by 2020 in all Member States, at a reasonable cost. This target is justified, if the production has a sustainable feature, if second generation biofuels are on the market and the directive on the quality of biofuels has to be modified accordingly to plan the suitable blending levels. Séminaire Agrocarburants et développement durable – Grenoble, 28-29/01/2008 The ambition set out in the Paris Agreement as well as technological developments, including cost reductions for investments in renewable energy, should therefore be taken into account.

Dedicated energy crops [ edit ] Miscanthus is a so-called energy crop, being highly efficient (fast-growing) at turning solar radiation into biomass Renewable energy sources represent the potential fuel alternatives to overcome the global energy crises in a sustainable and eco-friendly manner. In future, biofuels may replenish the conventional non-renewable energy resources due to their renewability and several other advantages. Lignocellulosic biomass offers the most economical biomass to generate biofuels. However, extensive research is required for the commercial production of an efficient integrated biotransformation process for the production of lignocellulose mediated biofuels. Nelson ML, O’Connor RT (1964) Relation of certain infrared bands to cellulose crystallinity and crystal lattice type. Part II. A new infrared ratio for estimation of crystallinity in celluloses I and II. J Appl Polym Sci 8:1325–1341 Le procédé (1) : la production d'éthanol ex BLC • Quatre étapes principales hémicellulose hydrolysée lignine Biomasse Prétraitement Hydrolyse lignine cellulose lignine cellulose hémicellulose glucose Fermentation éthanol Distillation Séchage éthanol anhydre Séminaire Agrocarburants et développement durable – Grenoble, 28-29/01/2008 Principal component analysis (PCA) in a correlation matrix, was carried out using the data matrixes compiled by the dependent variables in analyses (a) and (b). In the correlation matrix, the data were centered and scaled based on the variables means. Variables means that demonstrated high square cosines were considered for the most explanatory principal components (PCs); then, these were singled out for further analysis through one-way ANOVAs and the post hoc Tukey’s honestly significant ( α = 0.05) to test for the significant differences between scores. In all cases, the dependent variables that did not fulfill the assumptions of a normal distribution were transformed into ranks suitable for parametric statistical analysis [ 42]. In addition, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the empirical indexes and some parameters in analyses (a) and (b), separately.

In calculating the contribution of hydropower and wind power for the purposes of this Directive, the effects of climatic variation should be smoothed through the use of a normalisation rule. Further, electricity produced in pumped storage units from water that has previously been pumped uphill should not be considered to be renewable electricity.

Throup, James; García Martínez, Juan B.; Bals, Bryan; Cates, Jacob; Pearce, Joshua M.; Denkenberger, David C. (2022-01-01). "Rapid repurposing of pulp and paper mills, biorefineries, and breweries for lignocellulosic sugar production in global food catastrophes". Food and Bioproducts Processing. 131: 22–39. doi: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.10.012. ISSN 0960-3085. S2CID 243485968.The participation of local citizens and local authorities in renewable energy projects through renewable energy communities has resulted in substantial added value in terms of local acceptance of renewable energy and access to additional private capital which results in local investment, more choice for consumers and greater participation by citizens in the energy transition. Such local involvement is all the more crucial in a context of increasing renewable energy capacity. Measures to allow renewable energy communities to compete on an equal footing with other producers also aim to increase the participation of local citizens in renewable energy projects and therefore increase acceptance of renewable energy. For the benefit of the rapid deployment of energy from renewable sources and in view of their overall high sustainable and environmental beneficial quality, Member States should, when applying administrative rules or planning structures and legislation which are designed for licensing installations with respect to pollution reduction and control of industrial plants, for combating air pollution, or for the prevention or minimisation of the discharge of dangerous substances in the environment, take into account the contribution of energy from renewable sources towards meeting environmental and climate change objectives, in particular when compared to non-renewable energy installations. Production d'éthanol par conversion biologique de biomasse lignocellulosique Frédéric Monot - IFP Agrocarburants et développement durable, Grenoble, 28/01/08 Séminaire Agrocarburants et développement durable – Grenoble, 28-29/01/2008 Dahlquist E (2013) Biomass as energy source: resources, systems and applications (sustainable energy developments). CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, London, pp 137–138 Popescu MC, Popescu CM, Lisa G, Sakata Y (2011) Evaluation of morphological and chemical aspects of different wood species by spectroscopy and thermal methods. J Mol Struct 988:65–72

La biomasse lignocellulosique donc la lignocellulose, se compose de lignine, une biomolécule qui est un des principaux composants du bois avec l’hémicellulose et la cellulose (un glucide). Lignocellulosic biomass can be broadly classified as virgin biomass, waste biomass, and energy crops. Virgin biomass includes plants. Waste biomass is produced as a low value byproduct of various industrial sectors such as agriculture ( corn stover, sugarcane bagasse, straw etc.) and forestry ( saw mill and paper mill discards). Energy crops are crops with a high yield of lignocellulosic biomass produced as a raw material for the production of second-generation biofuel; examples include switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum) and Elephant grass. The biofuels generated from these energy crops are sources of sustainable energy. [7] [8] Chemical composition [ edit ] Xylan is one form of hemicellulose found in hardwood. [9] Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and in particular Article 194(2) thereof, a b Haq, Izharul; Mazumder, Payal; Kalamdhad, Ajay S. (2020-09-01). "Recent advances in removal of lignin from paper industry wastewater and its industrial applications – A review". Bioresource Technology. 312: 123636. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123636. ISSN 0960-8524. PMID 32527619. S2CID 219607347.District heating and cooling currently represents around 10 % of the heat demand across the Union, with large discrepancies between Member States. The Commission's heating and cooling strategy has recognised the potential for decarbonisation of district heating through increased energy efficiency and renewable energy deployment. Whittaker RH (1978) Direct gradient analysis: techniques. In: Whittaker RH (ed) Handbook of vegetation science 5. Ordination and classification of communities. Dr Junk W. Springer, The Hague, pp 9–51