Essential reading for students and researchers in epistemology, political philosophy, and applied ethics the Handbook will also be very useful for those in related fields, such as law, sociology, and politics.

Day, R.E. (2005). Clearing up 'implicit knowledge': implications for knowledge management, information science, psychology, and social epistemology. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 56(6), 630–635. Brown, J.S., and Duguid, P. (2000). The social life of information. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written This points to an opportunity to clarify the unity of these conceptualizations of understanding in concrete studies of how people build ontic understanding through engaging with documents, something first called for in information studies by Bawden ( 2012). This research may also find points of convergence or synthesis among other epistemic frameworks in information studies, such as Popper's ( 1972/1979) theory of the three worlds of knowledge—World 1 of material reality, World 2 of subjective experience and World 3 of recorded information. According to Brookes ( 1980), information studies focuses on the interaction between Worlds 2 and 3. And indeed, Popper ( 1979) describes this interface as World 2 grasping for an understanding of World 3. As Popper writes, ' the activity of understanding consists, essentially, in operating with third-world objects' ( 1979, p. 164).

Coady, David; Chase, James (2018). The Routledge Handbook of Applied Epistemology. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-39314-6. Egan, M., and Shera, J.H. (1952). Foundations of a theory of bibliography. The Library Quarterly, 44, 125–137. Mladenović, Bojana (2017-09-05). Kuhn's Legacy: Epistemology, Metaphilosophy, and Pragmatism. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-52074-4. As mentioned above, it has been assumed that the main purpose of information studies is to help people acquire knowledge ( Egan and Shera, 1952; Fallis, 2006). As such, knowledge has been a much-discussed epistemic aim in information studies. Furner ( 2010) contends that information studies has no standard conception of knowledge, which is supported by Rowley's ( 2007) survey of introductory textbooks. Synthesizing the literature, Furner ( 2010) identifies two rival views: knowledge as true information (i.e., objective knowledge), and knowledge as individually internalized information (i.e., personal knowledge).

Bawden, D. (2016). The noblest pleasure: Theories of understanding in the information science. In D.H. Sonnenwald (Ed.), Theory development in the information sciences (pp. 283–299). Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.