Additionally, the pioneering Muslim scholar ibn Abi Shaybah described in a legal compilation how to apply kohl to the eye, as narrated by earlier authorities. [14] So important was its use in ancient Egypt that containers of kohl, along with various instruments for its preparation and application, were buried alongside the dead. This clearly shows just how essential kohl was in daily life but also in the afterlife, which indicated that it had important religious functions. Kohl was associated with the deities Horus, Ra and Hathor and was regularly used in ritual. Egyptians also exaggerated their eyes with bold liner in veneration of the gods, as they believed it possessed magical properties in providing protection from diseases and warded off the Evil Eye (Tapsoba et al. 2010, 457; Illes n.d., 2). Medicinal Benefits Liz Castellanos is a professional makeup artist who has worked with Vanessa Lachey, Olivia Culpo, and Morgan Stewart McGraw. Kreston, Rebecca (April 20, 2012). "Ophthalmology of the Pharaohs: Antimicrobial Kohl Eyeliner in Ancient Egypt". Body Horrors. Discover.

These banned products are different from lead-free cosmetics that use the term "kohl" only to describe its shade or color, rather than its actual ingredients. Some modern eye cosmetics are marketed as "kohl", but are prepared differently and in accordance with relevant health standards. Sergew Hable Selassie, Ancient and medieval Ethiopian history to 1270, (Printed by United Printers: 1972), p.26. Tapsoba. I., Arbault. S., Walter. P., and Amatore. C. (2010). ‘ Finding Out Egyptian Gods’ Secret Using Analytical Chemistry: Biomedical Properties of Egyptian Makeup Revealed by Amperometry and Single Cells,’ Letters to Analytical Chemistry 82, 457-460. The English word alcohol is a loan of the Arabic word (via Middle Latin and French; originally in the sense "powder of antimony", the modern meaning is from the 18th century).

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Wendi Miyake is a Los Angeles-based makeup artist and men’s groomer whose clients include Kim Kardashian, Kelly Rowland, and Madonna. In the centuries-old Indian Bharatanatyam and Odissi dances, the dancers apply heavy kohl to their eyes so as to draw attention to their eye gestures and movement. The kohl is then applied to eyebrows and eyelids to add further enhancement to the dancers.

Tea lady dress Autograph kohl eye liner Nice soft pencil. Was able to wear all day and it didn’t affect my sensitive eyes.A group of researchers in China tried to find some scientific basis of this claimed property of lead sulfide (galena) relating to absorption of sun rays when applied into the eyes in the form of kohl. [23] The authors reported the ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectra of a thin film of lead sulfide prepared on "indium tin oxide" (ITO) substrate. The spectra showed that lead sulfide thin films had higher absorption and lower transmittance in the UV light band, which further increases with the increased deposition voltage. Pencil: Typically creamier and easier to blend, pencil eyeliners work wonders when it comes to creating a smokey eye or blending out at the crease of the eye. You can also use pencils on your waterline to create more definition. Romy Soleimani is a New York City-based makeup artist who often works with Tracee Ellis Ross, Natalie Portman, and Jessica Chastain.

My name is Hazel Lunn, I am 21, and I have recently graduated from Cardiff University with a degree in Ancient History. I am a food lover interested in gender studies and environmental issues. My degree has sparked my interest in writing and my previous love of makeup inspired my blog on the significance of khol in ancient Egypt. I hope you enjoy reading my findings. Kohl has also been used in Yemen as a cosmetic for a long time. In addition, mothers would apply kohl to their infants' eyes soon after birth. Some did this to "strengthen the child's eyes", and others believed it could prevent the child from being cursed by the evil eye. [16] The drive to eliminate lead from kohl was sparked by studies in the early 1990s of preparations of kohl that found high levels of contaminants, including lead. [24] [25] [26] Lead levels in commercial kohl preparations were as high as 84%. Kohl samples from Oman and Cairo, analyzed using X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, were found to contain galena. [16] [24] One decade later, a study of kohl manufactured in Egypt and India found that a third of the samples studied contained lead, while the remaining two-thirds contained amorphous carbon, [16] zincite, [16] [24] cuprite, [16] goethite, [16] elemental silicon [16] or talc, [16] hematite, minium, [24] and organic compounds. [16] Nir A, Tamir A, Nelnik N, Iancu TC (July 1992). "Is eye cosmetic a source of lead poisoning?". Israel Journal of Medical Science. 28 (7): 417–421. PMID 1506164. Kohl, Kajal, Al-Kahal, Surma, Tiro, Tozali, or Kwalli: By Any Name, Beware of Lead Poisoning". Food and Drug Administration . Retrieved 2017-10-26.

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Isaac, Michael (2004). A Historical Atlas of Oman. Rosen. p.14. ISBN 978-0823945009 . Retrieved 5 September 2014. a b c d Hardy AD, Vaishnav R, Al-Kharusi SS, Sutherland HH, Worthing MA (April 1998). "Composition of eye cosmetics (kohls) used in Oman". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 60 (3): 223–34. doi: 10.1016/S0378-8741(97)00156-6. PMID 9613836. In the United States, kohl is not on the list of color additives approved by the Food and Drug Administration, which considers kohl unsafe for use due to its potential lead content. It is illegal to import into, or sell in, the United States. [36] See also [ edit ]

Though it will depend on the aesthetic you want to achieve, there a few basic rules to follow if you're new to liquid eyeliner application. 'First up, always look straight on into the mirror with your eyes open when mapping out liner. This way, you can see what the final liner will look like rather than the look being distorted,' says Jamie Genevieve, founder of Vieve. Ophthalmology of the Pharaohs: Antimicrobial Kohl Eyeliner in Ancient Egypt". Discover . Retrieved 2021-12-05. The Greek and Latin terms for antimony, stibium, στίβι, στίμμι, were borrowed from the Egyptian name sdm. Kohl has been worn traditionally since the Naqada III era (c. 3100 BCE) by Egyptians of all social classes, originally as protection against eye ailments. [4] [5] There was also a belief that darkening around the eyes would protect one from the harsh rays of the sun. [6] Ancient Egyptian women wearing kohl, from a tomb mural in Thebes (1420–1375 BCE) In Punjabi culture, surma is a traditional ceremonial dye, which predominantly men of the Punjab wear around their eyes on special social or religious occasions. It is usually applied by the wife or the mother of the person.

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International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics. Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala. 2009. p.62. Uragoda, C. G. (1987). A history of medicine in Sri Lanka from the earliest times to 1948. Sri Lanka Medical Association. p.8 . Retrieved 22 June 2019.