Grantham‐McGregor, S., & Ani, C. (2001). A review of studies on the effect of iron deficiency on cognitive development in children. The Journal of Nutrition, 131( 2), 649S–668S. 10.1093/jn/131.2.649S In Zambia 35% of the children under the age of five are stunted, 12% are underweight, and 3% are wasted. Luapula Province, where the current study was conducted in a district called Samfya, recorded a rise in the levels of stunting from 43% in 2013 to 44.9% in 2018 [ 14]. In 2015 the Civil Society for scaling-up nutrition reported stunting levels of 49% in the Samfya district, making it one of the districts with the highest prevalence of stunting in the country [ 15]. The in vitro spread plate technique method was used to carry out the Total Plate Count (TPC). Commercially available nutrient agar powder (M001, HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Nashik, India) was taken to prepare the media. 28 g of powder mixed with 1000 mL of boiling distilled water (100°C). After that, the prepared media was sterilised (121°C) along with all other necessary equipment. The medium was poured into a Petri dish and cooled carefully to dilute each step of the mass, and uniformly spread 0.1 mL sample. After incubation at 37°C for 24 hours, individual colonies were carefully counted and expressed in colony-forming units (CFU/g) [ 32]. 2.7. Sensory Analysis of Fish Powder-Fortified Cake Additional benefits of fish protein powders are centered around diet needs of various subsets of the human population. Individuals who have lactose intolerance, milk allergy, gluten intolerance or coeliac disease (aka Celiac's) require alternate protein sources. [ citation needed] It's also surprisingly good on fresh apples, cucumbers, etc as we show in pictures below. Dip a corner of your fruit into this powder and enjoy.

Dewey, K. G. (2013). The challenge of meeting nutrient needs of infants and young children during the period of complementary feeding: An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Nutrition, 143, 2050–2054. 10.3945/jn.113.182527 Adu‐Afarwuah, S., Lartey, A., & Dewey, K. G. (2017). Meeting nutritional needs in the first 1000 days: A place for small‐quantity lipid‐based nutrient supplements. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1392( 1), 18–29. 10.1111/nyas.13328 The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest that are compatible with the subject matter of this article. Authors’ Contributions Anthropometric measurements were taken using standard procedures [ 29, 30]. The weight, length, and head circumference of infants was taken at baseline and once a month (for six months). For weight measurements, an electronic 2 in 1 SECA (SECA 874, Hamburg, Germany) scale was used. The instrument was calibrated before measurements were taken. Infants were weighed with minimal or light clothing. An average of two measurements were taken. If the second measurement differs from the first measurement by 0.5, then a third measurement was taken. The measurements were recorded to the nearest 0.1 kg.No specific RNI for iron in pregnant women is listed in the FAO/WHO guidelines; therefore, we used the value of 29.4mg/day given for women aged 18–50. This value could be considered a corollary to the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of 27mg/day for pregnant women based on the Institute of Medicine guidelines (Institute of Medicine [US] Panel on Micronutrients, 2001). For the iron recommendation for all age groups, we chose the values based on 10% bioavailability to account for both the anti‐nutrient (i.e., phytate) composition of the Zambian diet (Caswell et al., 2018) and the positive effect of fish on iron bioavailability (Michaelsen, Hoppe, Roos, Kaestel, Stougaard, Lauritzen, et al., 2009). Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation. Tahergorabi, Reza; Beamer, Sarah K.; Matak, Kristen E.; Jaczynski, Jacek (2012). "Functional food products made from fish protein isolate recovered with isoelectric solubilization/precipitation". LWT - Food Science and Technology. 48 (1): 89–95. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2012.02.018. Proximate composition of Tilapia and Silver Carp fish powder (g/100 g). 3.3. Composition of Minerals The ingredients for the fish masala powder recipe are all in your store cupboard. Red chili and turmeric is this dry rub for fish give it a warm color and the cinnamon, garlic and ginger add warmth to the flavor.

Dewey, K. G., & Brown, K. H. (2003). Update on technical issues concerning complementary feeding of young children in developing countries and implications for intervention programs. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 24( 1), 5–28. 10.1177/156482650302400102 Global Fish Powder Market Analysis 2017-2021 and Forecast 2022-2032, By Application 7.1. Introduction / Key Findings Karakochuk, C. D., Whitfield, K. C., Green, T. J., & Kraemer, K. (2017). The biology of the first 1000 days. Taylor & Francis. [ Google Scholar] Market Forecast, Company Share Analysis, Competition Intelligence, DROT Analysis, Market Dynamics and Challenges, and Strategic Growth Initiatives Dietary Reference Intakes for sodium and potassium. National Academy of Sciences. [ Google Scholar]Fish protein powder (FPP) describes a food grade powder product designated primarily for human consumption applications. It differs significantly from fish meal products which are designated for animal feed applications. Fish protein powders have various sanitary processing, purity and functional characteristics which establish them as human food ingredients. [1] Production plants registered for the USA market are located in Peru [2] and France. It is anticipated that there would be a major increase in customer demands for prepared convenience foods with strong nutritional content and little processing. When producing convenience products from leiognathus sp., the existence of bones is a severe problem. How Does The Fish Powder Market Compare In The Historic And Future Outlook? The Emulsifying activity was determined using the centrifuge method described by Butt and Batool [ 21], and calculated using the following formula:

Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group: WHO child growth standards: length/height‐for‐age, weight‐for‐age, weight‐for‐length, weight‐for‐height and body mass index‐for‐age: methods and development. Geneva, WHO. [ Google Scholar] Ryan, Joseph Thomas; Ross, Reynolds Paul; Bolton, Declan; Fitzgerald, Gerald F.; Stanton, Catherine (2011). "Bioactive Peptides from Muscle Sources: Meat and Fish". Nutrients. 3 (12): 765–91. doi: 10.3390/nu3090765. PMC 3257737. PMID 22254123. Fish powder in particular is a product that could increase the nutrient intakes of infants and young children because moisture is removed during the drying process and nutrients are concentrated. The nutrient density (nutrient per kcal) of the foods consumed by infants 6–11months old is especially important given their high nutrient needs relative to their low caloric needs (Dewey, 2013; Dewey, 2016). This is true even in breastfed children, because the amount of iron and zinc in breast milk is relatively low (Dewey, 2013). Thus, specialized complementary food products are designed to provide an optimal ratio of nutrients to Kcals for infants and children (Arimond et al., 2015). Specialized complementary food products are supplements that contain different formulations (often using peanuts as a base) are and designed to be added to infants and children's meals at home. Given what is known about the nutrient composition of small fish, fish powder using these species may have a nutrient density that is comparable to specialized complementary food products, while also having the additional benefits of being locally available and culturally acceptable (Longley et al., 2014).Mace – This is a spice used in Old Bay Seasoning which is why it’s made its way into this recipe! Derived from the nutmeg tree, it tastes a bit like nutmeg and allspice. We only use a bit so it’s not a key ingredient (1/8 tsp out of 4 tsp of total Fish Seasoning). Substitute with nutmeg, allspice, or even pumpkin pie spice; Retrieved September 11, 2020, from https://globalnutritionreport.org/resources/nutrition-profiles/africa/eastern-africa/zambia/ Figure 36: North America Fish Powder Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Fish Species, 2022-2032

Khaing, W., Vallibhakara, S. A. O., Tantrakul, V., Vallibhakara, O., Rattanasiri, S., McEvoy, M., Attia, J., & Thakkinstian, A. (2017). Calcium and vitamin D supplementation for prevention of preeclampsia: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis. Nutrients, 9( 10), 1–23. 10.3390/nu9101141 Horwitz, W., Chichilo, P., & Reynolds, H. (1970). Official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington, DC, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.Figure 131: South Asia Fish Powder Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Fish Species, 2022-2032 Caswell, B. L., Talegawkar, S. A., Siamusantu, W., West, K. P., & Palmer, A. C. (2018). Usual nutrient intake adequacy among young, rural Zambian children. British Journal of Nutrition, 119( 1), 57–65. 10.1017/S000711451700335X Ruvini, Liyanage; Jayawardana, Barana C.; Kodithuwakku, Suranga P. (2013). "Potential Novel Therapeutics: Some Biological Aspects of Marine-derived Bioactive Peptides". In Kim, Se-Kwon (ed.). Marine Proteins and Peptides: Biological Activities and Applications. pp.323–49. doi: 10.1002/9781118375082.ch15. ISBN 978-1-118-37510-5. Fish‐based recipes: Promoting the consumption of nutrient‐rich small fish species in Zambia. Penang, Malaysia. Retrieved from https://www.worldfishcenter.org/content/fish-based-recipes Fish meal is also susceptible to chemical contamination with harmful substances (chlorinated hydrocarbons: dieldrin, lindane, PCBs, dioxins) ( Erne et al., 1979), due to the accumulation of those anthropogenic substances in the marine food chain and finally in the fatty tissues of fish used for the manufacture of fish meal. The levels of such contaminants (PCBs, dioxins) in fish meal depend on the fish source: fish meals from Central America have lower levels than those from the Northern hemisphere ( New et al., 2002).