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R. Dominko, M. Gaberscek, M. Bele, D. Mihailovic and J. Jamnik, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2007, 27, 909–913 CrossRef CAS . Focusing essentially on the anode, Vetter et al. 181 comprehensively summarized the potential ageing mechanisms for graphite and provided a general classification, differentiating ageing processes with respect to (i) the (long-term) instability of the SEI (which also includes the aforementioned cross-talk phenomena), (ii) lithium plating, and (iii) the contribution of electrochemically inactive electrode components such as the binder, conductive additives, and the current collector. Among these, they considered the former two most relevant – also with regard to potential safety issues. R. Levi-Setti, G. Crow, Y. L. Wang, N. W. Parker, R. Mittleman and D. M. Hwang, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1985, 54, 2615–2618 CrossRef CAS PubMed . S. Jeong, X. Li, J. Zheng, P. Yan, R. Cao, H. J. Jung, C. Wang, J. Liu and J.-G. Zhang, J. Power Sources, 2016, 329, 323–329 CrossRef CAS .While these studies essentially focused on the Li + transport within the graphite particle, another limiting factor, in fact, is considered to be the initial Li + intercalation step. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements of lithium-ion cells at low temperatures showed that the cell impedance is mostly dominated by the charge transfer resistance. 124 This finding is in line with the study by Wang et al. 125 who investigated the low-temperature performance of graphite and mesocarbon microbeads (MCMBs) by microperturbation and found that at room temperature the phase transitions are the rate limiting step, whereas at −30 °C the resistance of the SEI becomes limiting. In fact, the charge transfer can be separated in different processes: first, the solvated Li + ions, present in the liquid electrolyte, are desolvated, before, second, entering into the SEI layer and further into the graphite particle. Simultaneously, an e − is injected at the electrode/SEI interface, as described in the following equations: 126 S. Shi, P. Lu, Z. Liu, Y. Qi, L. G. Hector, H. Li and S. J. Harris, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2012, 134, 15476–15487 CrossRef CAS PubMed .

To briefly summarize, the carbon coating fulfills several functions: (i) it acts as a buffer for the volume variations occurring; (ii) it stabilizes the electrode/electrolyte interphase; (iii) it serves as an electronically conductive, percolating network throughout the electrode (in addition to/combination with the subsequently added conductive agent). H. Buqa, M. Holzapfel, F. Krumeich, C. Veit and P. Novák, J. Power Sources, 2006, 161, 617–622 CrossRef CAS . X. H. Liu, L. Zhong, S. Huang, S. X. Mao, T. Zhu and J. Y. Huang, ACS Nano, 2012, 6, 1522–1531 CrossRef CAS PubMed . The dark side of the graphite paper must always go down. And the other side must be facing up. When you have done that, you simply need to place it on top of the drawing you are trying to trace. Is graphite paper reusable? N. Dupré, P. Moreau, E. De Vito, L. Quazuguel, M. Boniface, A. Bordes, C. Rudisch, P. Bayle-Guillemaud and D. Guyomard, Chem. Mater., 2016, 28, 2557–2572 CrossRef PubMed .Once your picture, carbon paper, and desired surface are all lined up, use a stylus or sharp pen or pencil to trace the outline. It needs to be sharp so you can press down enough to transfer the graphite. T. Doi, K. Takeda, T. Fukutsuka, Y. Iriyama, T. Abe and Z. Ogumi, Carbon, 2005, 43, 2352–2357 CrossRef CAS . Get a paper photocopy or inkjet print of your reference photo. Make sure that the image is printed at exactly the same size that you want to paint it. J. Wang, X. He, E. Paillard, N. Laszczynski, J. Li and S. Passerini, Adv. Energy Mater., 2016, 6, 1600906 CrossRef . D. Takamatsu, Y. Orikasa, S. Mori, T. Nakatsutsumi, K. Yamamoto, Y. Koyama, T. Minato, T. Hirano, H. Tanida, H. Arai, Y. Uchimoto and Z. Ogumi, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2015, 119, 9791–9797 CrossRef CAS .