Within its secrecy, Gladio wore many masks and profoundly modified its social purpose. It conducted activities not envisioned at its birth, and expanded its areas of intervention. Fernandes, Desmond; Ozden, Iskender (Spring 2001). "United States and NATO Inspired 'Psychological Warfare Operations' Against The 'Kurdish Communist Threat' in Turkey" (PDF). Variant. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2023.

Operation Gladio: The CIA’s Clandestine Network in Italy Operation Gladio: The CIA’s Clandestine Network in Italy

a b Parlementaire Commissie (1991). "Verslag van het parlementair onderzoek met betrekking tot het bestaan in België van een clandestien internationaal inlichtingennetwerk" (PDF) (in French and Dutch). Belgian Senate. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 18, 2020 . Retrieved 2007-08-01. Un informe oficial italiano implica en el crimen de Atocha al 'ultra' Cicuttini, relacionado con Gladio, El País, December 2, 1990 (in Spanish) Mehtap Söyler (2015). The Turkish Deep State State Consolidation, Civil Military Relations And Democracy.Harvey, chief of the CIA station in Rome, and Renzo Rocca, Director of the Gladio units within the military secret service SID, De Lorenzo escalated the Civilians recruited as stay-behind partisans were equipped with a clandestine shortwave radio homed in on a fixed frequency. It had a keyboard with digital encryption, making use of traditional Morse code obsolete. They had a cache of further equipment for signalling helicopters or submarines to drop special agents who were to stay in the partisan's homes while mounting sabotage operations against the communists. A year later and another directive, the notorious, NSC 10/2 was passed which authorised the CIA to carry out covert actions anywhere in the world. Covert action was defined as activities A) 1980: Training on parachute-jumping, long-distance radio communication and clandestine techniques.

Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance between the Vatican Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance between the Vatican

Aside from being the principal training centre, Capo Marargiu was also the ‘final’ operative base of the network, to be kept even if the Italian peninsula was lost. If Sardinia was also taken, the Command would be transferred to a base in Idlewood, England, which had already been established. No one denies the right and duty of the State to defend its national territory from external aggression or, if lost, to regain it, and to make available human and material resources to do so even in times of peace. There is no need to make appeals to justify adopting indispensable measures to ensure the territorial integrity of the nation. Indeed, it would be irresponsible for these measures to be absent. Lamfalussy, Christophe (8 September 2006). "Un arrière-goût d'années de plomb". La Libre Belgique (in French). Archived from the original on May 18, 2020.Italy moved from the centre to the centre-left, 2 From 1948 to 1962, Italy was ruled by Christian Democracy (DC), which formed coalitions with other right-wing or centrist parties until its – temporary – 1963 alliance with the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) . from there to a historical compromise, 3 The ‘Historical Compromise’ was a political accommodation between the DC and the Italian Communist Party (PCI) proposed in 1973 by PCI leader Enrico Berlinguer. The PCI eventually entered into government in 1978, though without being granted any cabinet ministers. and finally to the unravelling of consensus. 4 Berlinguer announced the end of the historical compromise in 1980, unsatisfied by the low level of decision-making power given to the PCI by the DC. The largest communist party in the West has met the same end as the ideology that guided it. 5 The PCI formally disbanded in 1991. It had been the West’s largest communist party, obtaining 34% of the vote in the 1976 national elections as well as regularly electing senators and mayors of Italy’s largest cities. In the European elections of 1984, it briefly overtook the DC (33,33% to 32.97%). In these forty years, Italy has seen a succession of forty governments, and there have been twenty different prime ministers.